Tungsten carbide is a very strong material, which is ideal for the use in blast nozzles, abrasive resistant and flexible against light impacts for example on construction sites. In 2005, the multipurpose tungsten rhenium alloy wire developed by our company wa. D w3 tungsten 3% rhenium tungsten 25% rhenium 32 to 4350 2f similar to type w except greater ductility in positive leg. A rocket engine component is formed as a tungsten copper composite substrate, and a functionallygradient material coating overlying and contacting the substrate. Tungsten alloys that are liquidphase sintered are traditionally called tungsten heavy alloys whas. It is a silverygray, heavy, thirdrow transition metal in group 7 of the periodic table. The molybdenum nozzle exhibits the least erosion for flame temperatures lower than 2860 k. The formulation takes into account multicomponent thermo. Mechanical properties of arcmelted tungstenrhenium. Nozzle configuration the dimensions and contour of the nozzle inserts used in this investigation were the same as those used in the earlier investigation ef. As an example, rhenium is a metal with unique properties 1,2 and a material of choice for solar.
The substrate may be formed of concentric layers of different tungsten. Corrosionwear applications include seal rings, nozzles, orifice plates. Its low melting temperature 2896 k, however, restricts applications for propellants with high. Tungsten, or wolfram, is a chemical element with the symbol w and atomic number 74. It is used to make tungsten rhodium thermocouples and fastcoupled heads, sapphirebonded wires, and electrodes for large lasers. China 2college of electromechanical engineering, hunan. Tungsten alloy is expected to be used as a novel mold material for glass parts, because it has partially better thermal properties than the sintered tungsten carbide and the cvdsilicon carbide as shown in table 1.
Additionally, preliminary erosion studies are performed on niobium and tungstenrhenium materials. Rhenium is a chemical element with the symbol re and atomic number 75. Chemical erosion of refractory metal nozzle inserts in solid. Kennametal is a leading manufacturer of blast nozzles and related.
Eagle alloys can furnish finished parts in this material in. Tungsten is the material of choice when solid rocket propellant flame temperatures exceed the melting point of rhenium. To improve the working performance, it is important to discuss the effect of heat treatment on thermoelectric properties of tungstenrhenium tftcs. Furthermore, the tungsten alloy is machinable with ordinary carbide tools, and it can be used for the glass molding without the coatings because of its superior. Prior to atomization the molten titanium is maintained in a crucible lined with a solidified layer of titanium which separates the molten mass of titanium from the crucible interior to protect it against contamination. Here are a few examples of where blast cleaning nozzles are used 1 wet blast cleaning 2 slurry blasting 2 open dry blast cleaning 3 enclosed cabinet and blast room sandblasting 4 pipeline maintenance and sandblasting 5 soda blasting 6 wet blasting 7 dry blasting 8. Tungsten is a rare metal found naturally on earth almost exclusively combined with other elements in chemical compounds rather than alone. Request pdf development of noneroding rocket nozzle throat for ultrahigh. All are made of stainless steel with tungsten carbide orifice inserts, flow straightening vanes, and wrench flats for easy installation. Tungsten is a dull silvercolored metal with the highest melting point of any pure metal. The tungsten nozzle erodes much more slowly than graphite, but at a rate comparable with that of rhenium. High purity powders of elemental tungsten, rhenium, hafnium, and carbon were blended and hydrostatically pressed at 30 to 70 ksi 207 to 483 mnm 2 into 10pound 4.
It is used to make tungstenrhodium thermocouples and fastcoupled heads, sapphirebonded wires, and electrodes for large lasers. The rubber curtain gives an additional impact protection to the liner and extends the lifetime of the blast nozzle. An integrated theoreticalnumerical framework is established and validated to study the chemical erosion of refractorymetal tungsten, rhenium, and molybdenum nozzle inserts in solidrocketmotor environments, with a primary focus on tungsten. These oxides will evaporate on prolonged oxidation, but at. Offering tungsten carbide, bp200 sialon, boron carbide, and aluminum oxide. Nozzles made form tungsten carbide are among the most rugged and durable and work well with most abrasives. Mechanical properties tensile strength, ultimate 70 mpa 199000 psi elongation at break 20% 20% modulus of elasticity 430 gpa 62400 ksi poissons ratio 0. To date we have designed the first four rocket nozzles that were successfully tested in the program. The effect increases with the rhenium concentration, and therefore tungsten alloys are produced with up to 27% of re, which is the solubility limit. Modeling and simulation of nozzle material erosion yang group at psu 32 5.
These motors employed a tantalum carbide throat material with an external rhenium or tantalum tungsten alloy metallic jacket. The molybdenum nozzleexhibits the least erosion for. Our blast cleaning nozzle are used in many dry and wet blast cleaning surface preparation applications. We supply anodes made from molybdenum alloys such as tzm and mhc with focal tracks consisting of various tungsten rhenium alloys.
Ltlb 59 chromium, 19 aluminum oxide, 20 molybdenum, 2 titanium oxide. Rhenium possesses a unique combination of properties that make it an excellent choice for many applications demanding hightemperature strength, wear resistance and erosion resistance. Development of noneroding rocket nozzle throat for ultrahigh. Tungstensteel alloys are also used in the production of rocket engine nozzles, which must have high heat resistant properties. Tungsten rhenium alloys tungsten rhenium alloy combinations can be used over a wide temperature range that extends from 320f to over 5200f. The tungsten nozzle erodes much slower than graphite, but at a rate comparable to that of rhenium. With the twohole arrangement, each thermocouple consisted of a tungsten molybdenum and a molybdenum rhenium junction. With an estimated average concentration of 1 part per billion ppb, rhenium is one of the rarest elements in the earths crust. Water injection nozzle tungsten carbide with aluminium jacket airblast high velocity venturi style nozzles have been designed specifically to give maximum blast cleaning rates, uniform abrasive distribution and efficiency over an extensive operating life. Tungsten white tungsten 25% rhenium red 32 to 800 8f needs protective atmosphere such as 800 to 4200 1f hydrogen, inert gas or vacuum. A rocket engine component is formed as a tungstencopper composite substrate, and a functionallygradient material coating overlying and contacting the substrate. Abstract a study was conducted on the effect of 4 atomic percent rhenium mechanical properties of hafnium carbide strengthened tungstenbase alloys. Effect of heat treatment on thermoelectric properties of.
A broadspectrum reflecting surface such as polished aluminium would capture and concentrate over 95% of this energy, so more than 1298w would be available per square meter. The layer preferably consists essentially of rhenium or rhenium with alloying additions of tungsten. Standard temperature tables astm e230 are available from 32f to 4200f. Rhenium188 is obtained as sodium perrhenate from a w188re188 generator system. Chemical erosion of refractory metal nozzle inserts in. The tungsten carbide nozzle offers a balance between wear. About tungsten rhenium alloy tungsten rhenium is one of numerous metal alloys sold by american elements under the trade name ae alloys. A method for producing titanium particles suitable for powder metallurgy applications by atomizing a freefalling stream of molten titanium. We use the wre standard compositions wre5 and wre26 as material for thermoelements in applications of over 2 000 c. The molybdenum nozzle exhibits the least erosion for. The properties and applications of rhenium produced by cvd. This refractory metals unique propertiesits strength and ability to withstand high temperatures. A novel and costeffective approach to fabricating space propulsion components could provide an alternative to the limitations of conventional processing methods.
Also known as wolfram, from which the element takes its symbol, w, tungsten is more resistant to fracturing than diamond and is much harder than steel. Unalloyed tungsten is very difficult to machine and fabricate. Performance of rocket nozzle materials with several. They have different prosperities, such different density, the density of pure tungsten nozzle is about 19. While the major use of rhenium is still in bimetallic catalysts, renewed interest in improved propulsion and spacepower systems has led to increased development of rhenium. Dyze design just launched a kickstarter campaign for this nozzle. A furnace component having a tungstenbased substrate whose surface is protected by a rheniumbased layer in order to render the component less reactive to quartz, glass and other forms of silica. Largeeddy simulation of nozzle erosion process in a solid. A nozzle may last approximately 300 hours when using expendable abrasives. The powder processing methods including powder metallurgy pm and powder injection molding pim techniques for tungsten w rhenium re were employed to produce a wre rocket nozzle. Mechanical properties of arcmelted tungstenrheniumhafnium.
Scientific research and development supplier details. The most common whas have nife or nicu matrices, although other transition metals such as co, mo and mn are sometimes added or substituted to improve properties or lower sintering temperatures. Generally immediately available in most volumes, ae alloys are available as bar, ingot, ribbon, wire, shot, sheet, and foil. The powder processing methods including powder metallurgy pm and powder injection molding pim techniques for tungsten wrhenium re were employed to produce a wre rocket nozzle. I nasa sp5035 technology utilization report technology utilization division l. A furnace component having a tungsten based substrate whose surface is protected by a rhenium based layer in order to render the component less reactive to quartz, glass and other forms of silica. W3 re tungstenrhenium alloy mechanical and physical properties. Because tungsten can be used to coat a lighter weight material such as graphite or carboncarbon, the cost and weight of a monolithic tungsten throat are avoided.
Additionally, preliminary erosion studies are performed on niobium and tungsten rhenium materials. Handling of a tungsten188rhenium188 generator system. Chemical erosion of refractorymetal nozzle inserts in solid. Moreover, tungstenrhenium has a higher recrystallization temperature and better creep resistance. It is also used to make highperformance filaments and tube cathodes. The tungsten content in ptwrenicry and ptwrenicr is higher than the rhenium content, and it has higher chemical activity. Tungsten rhenium wre historically tungsten 25% rhenium alloy has been produced into wire for the thermocouple market, but recent demands for high temperature structural components have forced the development of novel processing techniques for tungsten rhenium and tungsten rhenium with hafnium carbide. Due to their wearresistance and impact resistance, tungsten carbide nozzles are best used in harsh work site conditions. Development of noneroding rocket nozzle throat for ultra. The molybdenum nozzle exhibits the least erosion but its low melting temperature 2896 k is a serious limitation. Tungsten nozzle can be manufactured from the material of pure tungsten, tungsten alloy and tungsten carbide. About 3% rhenium97% tungsten wire the development of 3% rhenium97% tungsten wire is a result of a continuous research effort that has been conducted since the early 1900s. The kickstarter campaign, which ends on april 4, set an initial funding goal of.
C w5 tungsten 5% rhenium white tungsten 26% rhenium red. High temperature fracture experiments on tungstenrhenium alloys. Tungsten rhenium alloys are more ductile at low temperature, allowing them to be more easily machined. Tungsten premium nozzle for precise 3d print results. Wre wire developed a high strength and ductility after. Nozzle configuration the dimensions and contour of the nozzle inserts used in this investigation were the. The name tungsten comes from the former swedish name for the tungstate mineral scheelite, tung sten or heavy stone. China thermocouple tungsten rhenium wire manufacturer and. Chemical erosion of refractorymetal nozzle inserts in. W25 re tungsten rhenium alloy, annealed mechanical and physical properties metric english physical properties density 19. Rhenium has the second highest melting point of all metals after tungsten. Tungsten carbide hard hitter nozzles are designed especially for use with handheld control guns for superior surface cleaning.
Oct 23, 2017 a tungsten rhenium mix has very similar thermal properties and is much cheaper. St ff 653 july 65 national aeronautics and space administration. W25 re tungstenrhenium alloy, annealed mechanical and physical properties metric english physical properties density 19. W3 re tungstenrhenium alloy mechanical and physical. The wre equilibrium diagram has been constructed figure 6. Tungsten copper for substrates chinatungsten online. They all survived when subjected to an aluminized propellant with a stagnation temperature and pressure of over 6000f.
Rhenium has the thirdhighest melting point and secondhighest boiling point of any. Other tungsten alloys include stellite cobalt, chromium, and tungsten, which is used in bearing and pistons due to its durability and resistance to wear, and hevimet, which is made by sintering a tungsten alloy powder and is used in ammunition, dart. Nearnetshape tungstenrhenium alloy parts produced by. Addition of re to tungsten raised the temperature of incipient recrystallization of tungsten vch wire by 200400c, depending on the rhenium content. Many practical applications of tungsten are based on its. To obtain greater ductility and a lower brittletoductile transition temperature, we alloy our tungsten with rhenium.
Here are a few examples of where blast cleaning nozzles are used 1 wet blast cleaning 2 slurry blasting 2 open dry blast cleaning 3 enclosed cabinet and blast room sandblasting 4 pipeline maintenance and sandblasting 5 soda blasting 6 wet blasting 7. It offers exceptionally high strength and good electrical resistivity at very high temperatures. Tungsten rhenium wire tungsten rhenium wire is used for heating elements in high temperature furnaces. Several modifications were necessary variation of flow and pressure, correction of first runnings, minimizing the supplies, etc. Tungsten rhenium wire properties and uses union city filament. Water injection nozzle tungsten carbide with aluminium. Tungstenrhenium tftcs for high temperature measurement are designed by finite element numerical analysis and fabricated by radio frequency rf magnetron sputtering in this paper. Us4544404a us06710,806 us71080685a us4544404a us 4544404 a us4544404 a us 4544404a us 71080685 a us71080685 a us 71080685a us 4544404 a us4544404 a us 4544404a authority us united states prior art keywords titanium nozzle crucible method molten prior art date 19850312 legal status the legal status is an assumption and is not a legal. Rhenium improved the strength and ductility of tungsten in the 203000c range. The chemical erosion of a carbon nozzle in an h2oco2 environment over a range of pressures and compositions is studied, and high erosion rates are seen for flows with high water content at high pressures. Pdf high temperature fracture experiments on tungsten.
Predicting the performance of tungsten in a fusion. Properties and applications of rhenium and its alloys. Yttrium was added to decrease the grain size, and improve the adhesions of the surface oxidation layer to the oxidation layer, and of the oxidation layer to the base alloy. A tungstenrhenium mix has very similar thermal properties and is much cheaper. Tungsten copper for substrates tungsten copper for substrate. The molybdenum nozzle exhibits the least erosion but its low. Tungsten has the highest melting point of the refractory metals, high density, and low coefficient of thermal expansion. We supply anodes made from molybdenum alloys such as tzm and mhc with focal tracks consisting of various tungstenrhenium alloys. One of the first accomplishments of this research was a nonsag grade of tungsten wire, which used grain growth controlling additives to modify the recrystallized structure.
List of figures 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 15 16 combustion temperatures of rocket propellants plotted against the melting and vaporizing temperatures of. Tungstenrhenium wre historically tungsten 25% rhenium alloy has been produced into wire for the thermocouple market, but recent demands for high temperature structural components have forced the development of novel processing techniques for tungstenrhenium and tungstenrhenium with hafnium carbide. Wre wire developed a high strength and ductility after annealing at 14001950c. In 2005, the multipurpose tungstenrhenium alloy wire developed by our company wa.